At what age is the prefrontal cortex of the brain fully developed?

The prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for complex cognitive behavior, decision-making, and moderating social behavior, continues to develop well into young adulthood. While significant maturation occurs during adolescence, particularly between the ages of 10 and 14, current research indicates that the full development of the prefrontal cortex typically isn't achieved until around the age of 21.

This means that while cognitive capabilities begin to improve significantly by age 14, the brain's ability to make informed decisions, control impulses, and engage in organized thinking continues to evolve past that age. This has important implications for understanding teenage behavior and the risks associated with adolescent decision-making, particularly concerning substance use and risky behaviors.